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(a) Short-term savings through waste minimization and energy efficiency schemes can be substantial.
(b) Companies with poor environmental performance may face increased cost of capital because investors and lenders demand a higher risk premium.
(c) There are a number of energy and environmental taxes, such as the UK's landfill tax.
(d) Pressure group campaigns can cause damage to reputation and/or additional costs.
(e) Environmental legislation may cause the 'sun-setting' of products and opportunities for 'sunrise' replacements.
(f) The cost of processing input which becomes waste is equivalent to 5-10% of some organizations’ revenue.
(g) The phasing out of CFCs has led to markets for alternative products.
