What are chromatics and chronemics in communication?

Chromatics is communication through the use of color. Colors of clothing, products, packaging, or gifts send intended or unintended messages when people communicate cross-culturally. 

 

Chronemics reflects the use of time in a culture. In a culture with a monochronic time schedule, things are done linearly, or one activity at a time. Polychronic time schedules are used by people who tend to do several things at the same time.


Political skill is the ability to effectively understand others at work, and to use such knowledge to influence others to act in ways that enhance one’s long-term personal and/or organizational goals. The four dimensions of political skill are: 

 

1) networking ability-the degree to which individuals are adept at developing and using diverse networks of people 

 

2) apparent sincerity- the degree to which individuals appear to others as possessing high levels of integrity, authenticity, sincerity, and genuineness. 

 

3)social astuteness-the degree to which individuals are savvy observers of others and are keenly attuned to diverse social situations and 

 

4) interpersonal influence- the degree to which individuals use a subtle and convincing personal style that exerts a powerful influence on those around them.

How effectively and efficiently team memebrs can achieve results together

   41.   In the_____stage of team development, the roles of individual members accepted and understood, and team members show how effectively and efficiently they can achieve results together.

a.	performing
b.	storming
c.	forming
d.	norming

ANS:  A                   

   42.   In the_____stage of team development, members set rules by which the team will operate.

a.	performing
b.	forming
c.	storming
d.	norming

ANS:  D                  

   43.   In the process of team development, failure can occur:

a.	only during the storming stage
b.	only during the storming and norming stages
c.	at either the forming, storming, or norming stages, but not at the performing stage
d.	at any stage

ANS:  D                          

   44.   In the_____stage of team development, the termination of work behaviors and disengagement from social behaviors occurs.

a.	norming
b.	adjourning
c.	forming
d.	storming

ANS:    B

Four ways to reduce perceived inequity and the level of tension

There are several ways people can choose to respond to inequity. 

 

They may increase or decrease their inputs to what they feel to be an equitable level. 
 
They may change their outcomes to restore equity. 
 
They may distort their inputs or outcomes. 

 People may leave the organization or request a transfer to another department. People may shift to a new reference group to reduce the source of the inequity.

In which cases the doctrine of ultra-vires may not apply

The company entered into a contract with Riche for the financing of the construction of a railway line in Belgium. The question raised was whether that contract was covered within the meaning of general contractors. The house of lords held that the contract was ultra virus the company and void so that not even the subsequent assent of the whole body of share­holders could ratify it.

However, the doctrine of ultra-vires does not apply in the following cases :-1. If an act is ultra-vires of powers the directors but intra-vires of company, the company is liable.

2. If an act is ultra-vires the articles of the company but it is intra-vires of the memorandum, the articles can be altered to rectify the error.

3. If an act is within the powers of the company but is irregualarly done, consent of the shareholders will validate it.

4. Where there is ultra-vires borrowing by the company or it obtains deliver of the property under an ultra-vires contract, then the third party has no claim against the company on the basis of the loan but he has right to follow his money or property if it exist as it is and obtain an injunction from the Court restraining the company from parting with it provided that he intervenes before is money spent on or the identity of the property is lost.

5. The lender of the money to a company under the ultra-vires contract has a right to make director personally liable.

Liability clause A declaration that the liability of the members is limited in case of the company limited by the shares or guarantee must be given. The MA of a company limited by guarantee must also state that each member undertakes to contribute to the assets of the company such amount not exceeding specified amounts as may be required in the event of the liquidation of the company. A declaration that the liability of the members is unlimited in case of the unlimted compa­nies must be given. The effect of this clause is that in a company limited by shares, no member can be called upon to pay more than the uncalled amount on his shares. If his shares are already fully paid up, he has no liabilty towards the company.

How to calculate the overhead rate per hour of Unilever?

Unilever Depot, Inc. had the following estimated costs for next year:

Sales commissions	$600,000
Direct labor	440,000
Salary of production supervisor	280,000
Rent on factory equipment	128,000
Direct materials	120,000
Advertising expense	88,000
Indirect materials	40,000

The company estimates that 64,000 direct labor hours will be worked and 80,000 machine hours will be incurred during the year.

If overhead is applied on the basis of direct labor hours, what will be the overhead rate per hour? 

If overhead is applied on the basis of direct labor hours, the predetermined overhead rate would be calculated as follows:

Indirect materials	$     40,000
Rent on factory equipment	128,000
Salary of production supervisor	280,000
Estimated manufacturing overhead costs	448,000
Estimated direct labor hours	¸ 64,000
Predetermined overhead rate	$7.00/DLH

                   Note that direct materials and direct labor are product costs but are not a part of manufacturing overhead costs, which only include indirect factory costs. Sales commissions and advertising expenses would be considered a part of selling and administrative expenses, and are thus period rather than product costs.

 

What is absolute profitability?

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Support your conclusion. “The process of deciding which products to drop when a constraint forces trade-offs is referred to as absolute profitability.” 

The statement, “The process of deciding which products to drop when a constraint forces trade-offs is referred to as absolute profitability,” is incorrect.

Absolute profitability measures the impact on the organization’s overall profits of adding or dropping a particular segment, such as a product or customer, without making other changes. Relative profitability is concerned with ranking products, customers, and other business segments to determine which should be emphasized.